The United States And The World War I - 932 Words

President Wilson had no choice but to enter World War I to protect the American people and our way of life. Sometimes it is necessary to stay neutral and to not engage. Other times it is our duty to engage the enemy to protect our families, our freedom, and our way of life. President Wilson did all he could to remain diplomatic and finding a solution other than going to war with Germany and its allies. In the end he made the right choice to fight for this nation and the other nations Germany was trying to tear apart. â€Å"Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance in 1882.† (History Place 1.). This was one of many alliances that would lead up to World War I. Some of the other alliances included Russia and France that was in reaction to the Triple Alliance, Britain and Japan’s Naval alliance, and Russia makes an agreement with Britain. All of these alliances took place between 1882 and 1910 to see who could make the most powerful alliance. During all this the United States remained neutral and was not getting involved in the tensions ongoing in Europe. What originally sparked World War I was when an heir to the Austrian throne â€Å"Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot and killed by a lone assassin on June 28th 1914.† (History Place 1.) After this death the Austrians were extremely angry at Serbia and wanted this to be fixed. Within the next few months the conflict seems to spiral out of control. By the end of August war has broken out andShow MoreRelatedThe United States Into World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesThe First World War was once o ne of the most harmful and deadliest wars of all time. A few countries participated within the battle together with Russia, Great Britain, Germany, and France. When the European nations went to war, Americans wanted nothing to do with the war. The twenty-eighth U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, led America through World War I. Wilson was a college professor, university president and Democratic governor of New Jersey before winning the White House in 1912. Woodrow WilsonRead MoreThe United States Into World War I1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthat lead the United States into World War 1. The three main events that led to the to the United States entering into World War 1 were the British propaganda. Then the sinking of the Lusitania along with the Zimmerman telegram. With all of these events linked to each other they gradually pushed the United States into the war even though the United States tried to remain a neutral nation, they had no choice but to join the Allies and enter into the first world war. The First World War was caused byRead MoreThe United States Of The World War I1028 Words   |  5 Pagesthe rest. From the Roman Empire of the ancient world, to the British Empire of the modern era, empires have risen and fallen. The United States of America, it seems, is the modern day equivalent of these empires—being the most powerful and influential nation on Earth—but how did America compare internationally during the Second World War to now? Prior to the Japanese Bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. had an army that ranked 19th in the world: an army smaller than that of Portugal! (3) TodayRead MoreWorld War I And The United States1038 Words   |  5 Pagesthe early 1910s, World War I is starting and the United States does not want to get involved unless necessary. Air superiority has not become a major military factor. That is until a group of young prominent men known as the â€Å"Millionaires Unit† at Yale start a flying club due to their inter est in aviation and patriotism to the United States. As Germany attempted to cause a Mexican revolution across the border, a group of 12 men thought they should learn how to fly and enter the war—If and when theRead MoreWorld War I And The United States2440 Words   |  10 Pagesthat acted as a catalyst for an important and lasting shift in the United State’s perception of its role in the world. Technological advancement in travel and communication changed the American people’s views of the world, therefore changing the direction of American foreign policy. This shift in foreign policy would eventually lead the United States into the grips of two horrific wars on the European continent. However, these wars would provide the necessary environment for the country to establishRead MoreWorld War I And The United States Essay1859 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War I was unlike any other war before it. The total casualties reached about about 38 million, with over 17 million deaths, 7 million of them being civilians, and 20 million wounded. World War I was well known for the extensive system of trenches from which men of both sides fought, the lethal new technologies unleashed such as poison gas, and for the battles under the sea and in the skies. At first, the two sides consisted of the Allies: France, Britain, and Russia, against the Central Powers:Read MoreWorld War I And The United States876 Words   |  4 Pageswebsite, â€Å"The results of these intelligence tests were influential in shaping U.S. immigration policy that limited immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and in justifying race-based segregation in public education, and U.S. conscription during World War I. Previously, the scientific debate centered largely on perceived differences in racial intelligence based on cranial size†. (Science: 1900s-1930s Race and Intelligence) From the readings it seems that the Blacks and even Native Americans were preservedRead MoreWorld War I And The United States1353 Words   |  6 Pages1945 the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said that the United States would be the strongest economic country in the world. In the 1950’s it had become a reality and the United States not only had a strong military but a strong economy. World War II was a staple for why the economy was up with the war going on money was needed to get the war products like planes, tanks, bullets, guns, and many other things. Also with the war going on it meant that more jobs were needed and it benefited theRead MoreThe United States During World War I1506 Words   |  7 Pages The United States during World War I extended their â€Å"military, economic, and/or political control† to other weaker countries like, Hawaii, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico. They were following the policy of Imperialism.1 Imperialism allows for nations to be able to trade with one another and businesses preferred it because it helped the United States economy. Nationalism is when the people of a nation are under one government and this played a key factor in starting world war one. There wasRead MoreThe United States After World War I894 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, the United States made it pretty clear that the country and its people did not want any involvement with any international affairs, such as international wars. The decision was made on August 27th, 1928; the pact was a pledge to shun war as an instrument of policy. The United States was determined to avoid involvement in the European Alliance system. The two reasons why the United States kept its distan ce politically were due to the Great Depression. During the Depression, it made

A Study on Gardners theories on Intelligence Free Essays

Intelligence can be defined in many different signifiers. Many theoreticians have non been able to put out the construct of intelligence to an exact definition. However, this is non the instance for certain theoretician. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on Gardners theories on Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harmonizing to Gardner, intelligence is â€Å" is a sort of substance, of â€Å" material † , that different people have in different grades, like cholesterin or blood sugar † . Gardner was non the lone theoretician that has laid this construct out. Kowalski and Westen were besides able to specify intelligence in their text edition. Harmonizing to them, intelligence refers to the application of cognitive accomplishments and cognition to larn, solves jobs, and obtains terminals that are valued by an person or civilization. † They besides believed that intelligence plays a major function in civilization, in that, each civilization has its ain patterns that help persons like us recognize which rational qualities are socially accepted ( Kowalski A ; Westen, 2009, p. 265 ) . Although the many theories about intelligence are present, Gardner has the most effectual and modern one. In the early 1980 ‘s, he introduced his theory of multiple intelligence where his e nd was to interrupt down the construct of intelligence. Dr. Gardner has written many books about his multiple intelligence theory, nevertheless he placed more attending to one called â€Å" Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences † . In this book he tries to exemplify the fact that people posses eight different intelligences, stating that persons have higher intelligences in some countries and lower intelligences in others. He believed that people can make better when the work that needs to be done is extremely correlated to the country in where persons posses the higher intelligence. The eight intelligences that Gardner provinces are displaced as the followers: â€Å" musical, bodily/kinesthetic ( which is how we control our organic structure motions ) , spacial ( the ability to make mental images ) , lingual or verbal, logical/mathematical, naturalist, intrapersonal ( being able to understand oneself ) , and interpersonal ( 1s behavior in societal state of affairss ) † ( Kowalski A ; Westen, 2009, p. 279 ) . Identifying the assorted types of Gardner ‘s intelligences has helped me detect that the theory greatly affects my personal success. Not merely is this true for my ain success, but, many of these intelligences can impact everyone ‘s day-to-day lives. For me, the most of import intelligences that have helped me win in the yesteryear are lingual, logical/mathematical, and interpersonal. These intelligences that I posses, I would see them to be my strengths. Bing able to pass on good with others, being able to analyse and theorize thoughts, and playing an important function in certain state of affairss all have played a major function in my ability to win. In the undermentioned analysis of intelligences, we will be speaking about merely three of these eight intelligences and how they can impact my personal success in life. Having these qualities has built a get downing point in my life and it will go on to assist me make my long term ends every bit good as my short ends such as having my Bachelor ‘s grade. The first intelligence that is most of import to me in my ain success in life is the Linguistics. Linguisticss can run anyplace from being able to utilize a linguistic communication decently to complicated grammar. Harmonizing to Gardner, linguistics besides involves being cognizant of speech production and composing a linguistic communication, being able to larn multiple linguistic communications, and the contents of the linguistic communication and being able to use them to existent life state of affairss so one can win. The lingual attack besides states that one should hold the ability to talk efficaciously so that one can show him/herself. Language can besides be used to retrieve certain information and utilize the information for future mentions. Public talkers, attorneys/law enforcement, writers, and other professional linguist, are harmonizing to Gardner, genitive of this type of intelligence at higher degrees than others. Mathematicss and logical thought go manus in manus, in that, both involve abstract thought every bit good as being able to ground both inductively and deductively. Peoples who posses this type of intelligence, like me, normally try to happen logic in about every undertaking that needs to be completed. For illustration, if a professor shows me a math job, I normally look at it a few times and reappraisal in my caput what I have learned so far in how to travel about work outing the job. In this instance I am believing in a logical manner because logics, for me, are being able to interrupt down big constituents to smaller 1s so that one can finish a undertaking easier. This intelligence besides involves how much of a job one can work out, being able to finish mathematical operations, and besides analyzing consequences utilizing scientific attacks. When Gardner talks about this peculiar type of intelligence, he states that one has the ability to see forms and think in a logical mode. Thi s type of intelligence is of import in my personal success because it has helped me, and still does, in being able to go through a math or scientific discipline category without holding to fight. The last type of intelligence that plays a function in accomplishing my ends is intrapersonal. To me, holding this intelligence is a privilege because I enjoy being able to work in groups and doing new friends. When run intoing new people being interpersonal aids me in placing and understand others motivations and intent. It helps me as a pupil because it allows me to work efficaciously with other pupils during group documents or undertakings. It besides helps me understand what the other individual wants and what the cardinal incentive that is maintaining my group together. My personal belief about this peculiar intelligence is that it can avoid differences among a group of persons because they would be able to understand one another and in the occupation industry, particularly these yearss, it is really of import that one learns how to get by with other employees. Peoples working in retail normally have a stronger interpersonal intelligence along with instructors and political figu res. My personal success is my cardinal incentive. Personally my sentiment about Gardner is that he was right about his theory of multiple intelligences because even though he stated each person is different in what type of intelligences he/she possesses, he besides stated that an person ‘s civilization affects our intelligence. Turning up in a society where math and scientific discipline was a large issue, my intelligence in those countries is much higher than it is in something like humanistic disciplines. How to cite A Study on Gardners theories on Intelligence, Essay examples

Knowledge Management System

Question: Write a report on "Knowledge Management". Answer: Introduction The term, Knowledge Management is such a process of sharing, developing, capturing as well as using effectively the knowledge of an organization. It also refers to such an approach that is multidisciplinary in order to achieve the objectives of a particular organization by making the best knowledge utilization (Rubenstein-Montano, Liebowitz, Buchwalter, McCaw, Newman, Rebeck and Team 2012). The efforts of managing knowledge focus typically on several organizational goals. Therefore, this report is mainly aimed to implement the way of accomplishing the organisation objectives of ALDI in terms of the knowledge management system. Thus, this report aims to discuss critically the current processes of knowledge management of the selected organization that is ALDI by considering both of the weaknesses and the strengths. On the other side, the impact of the proper implementation of knowledge management system in ALDI is aimed to be portrayed in order to gain more competitive advantage in the countries where this organization has its presence. Based on the discussion, some recommendations would be discussed in this report as well. Company Background ALDI is the leading and popular chain of global discount supermarket (Aldi US 2016). It has near about 10000 in 18 countries (Aldi US 2016). This organization has an estimation regarding the turnover that is more than 50bn. ALSI is mainly based in Germany (Aldi US 2016). This retail organization was established in 1946 by the brothers Theo Albrecht and Karl Albrecht while they took over the store of their mother in Essen that had been operated since 1913 (Aldi US 2016). It is one of the largest companies which are privately owned all over the world (Aldi US 2016). Current Knowledge Management Processes of ALDI The processes of Knowledge management are referred to the paths that a company manages knowledge at several stages of the life of it in a particular company. Hence, in case of ALDI Store, this retail organization also utilizes few specific knowledge management processes in order to gather details or information by utilizing tools as well as methods. There are some processes of knowledge management those are assisted by the different techniques as well as tools (Alavi and Leidner 2014). These are as follows, Knowledge Discovery - It is mainly the construction of the new techniques as well as the explicit knowledge from the information and data or from the prior knowledge synthesis (Alavi and Leidner 2014). In ALDI, new explicit knowledges discovery relies on combination most directly, where at the same time, the new tacit knowledges discovery relies on socialization most directly. Knowledge Capture It is the process through which ALDI convert the explicit form to tacit form and vice versa with the help of sub-processes of internationalization and externalization (Davenport, De Long, and Beers, 2012). Knowledge Sharing It is the process with the help of which tacit or explicit knowledge is communicated in ALDI, to the other individuals. ALDI mainly mentor a new staff, shadow an expert through this process (Davenport, De Long, and Beers, 2012). Knowledge Application It is while the available knowledge is utilized by ALDI for making decisions as well as performing tasks through routines and direction. Strengths of Knowledge Management Processes The strengths of KM processes are as follows, It helps ALDI to deliver better accountability and measurement It improves the staff communication and engagement the employees can find quickly all the details that they require Every employee has access to business knowledge and management in ALDI (Ruggles 2014). Weaknesses of Knowledge Management Processes Sharing knowledge is an important part to make knowledge management system work, however ALDI has failed for sharing proper knowledge with managers and employees. these processes are difficult and complicated for understanding for the training and average workers for using knowledge management processes is costly (Ruggles 2014). Strategic Issue Knowledge management can play a significant in terms of implementing proper strategic planning. While an organization can be able to implement proper knowledge management in their business operation therefore, no one can resist that particular organization to gain success in terms of doing competition in their respective marketplaces and industries (Ruggles 2014). Thus, ALDI can follow the implementation of the strategic planning by using knowledge management. The most important feature of the strategic planning is that it helps organization to gain a long-term competitive advantage in the marketplace (Gold and Arvind Malhotra 2014). ALDI has to embrace knowledge sharing as well as abandon their concepts of hoarding information. The competitive advantage or competitive success of this retail organization would be related to less on how financial as well as physical resources are strategically allocated and more on how intellectual capital is strategically managed from disseminating, coding as well as capturing information. On the other hand, the competitive advantage can be gained by the knowledge management in order to acquire new competencies with the help of development as well as training and to the re-engineering processes of business (Quintas, Lefrere and Jones 2015). The major fact that can generate a huge competitive advantage for this particular retail organization is that the knowledge management processes attempts for preventing issues like the lost income or lost knowledge by establishing technological as well as human networks able to harass the collective experience and expertise of ALDI (Dalkir 2013). The move of ALDI from the economy that is industrially-based or the information based one requirement a top notch system of knowledge management for securing a capacity and competitive edge for learning. the ability of ALDI for tapping quickly into wisdom provides it a competitive advantage in the market. Use of knowledge in society The knowledge management process has huge usage in the operations of an organization. The efforts of knowledge management aims on the objectives of an organization like continuous improvement, integration, the sharing of the lessons learned, innovation, competitive advantage as well as improved performance of the organization (Dalkir 2013). These particular efforts overlap with the organizational learning and can also be distinguished from that by a huge focus on the knowledge management as an asset of strategy and an aim on the encouragement of the knowledge sharing. Knowledge Management is an organizational learning enabler. Most importantly, proper implementation of the knowleddge management system can be the key to build competitive advantage for ALDI (Dalkir 2013). This retail organization has therefore, adapted the changes in the knowledge management system and also make changes in the knowledge management system in terms of innovation in order to increase the competitive advan tage of ALDI in their marketplace. the organizations like ALDI who intend to survive in the complex as well as the unpredictable competitive markets should adapt quickly to the new dynamics like knowledge management in the retail business operation of the company (Hislop 2013). Therefore, it can easily be said that the proper usage of knowledge management system would help the company do that they can be able to leverage of this for their competitive advantage in their marketplace. Most importantly, this particular usage of the knowledge management system can help the ALDI in both of the sector / industry level as well as national level. As it is Essen based retail organization, therefore, it is quite obvious that the usage of the knowledge management would affect the competitive of the organization in the national level (Holsapple 2013). On the other hand, similarly, this utility of the knowledge management would also help ALDI to gain industry level competitive advantage globally in order to compete with their competitors. Dissemination of knowledge and relative shelf life The way of disseminating as well as spreading knowledge in the organization as well as the employees of a particular organization can mainly vary in different companies. the most important thing that should be remembered by the retail organization ALDI in this context is that the knowledge must be spread among the employees of the organization in order to make continual improvement in the business operation as well as the increase in the competitive advantage of ALDI in a global context (Holsapple 2013). the dissemination of knowledge management in ALDI is very important in order to maintain the shelf life of the organization which is simply the time length that a commodity can be stored without becoming unfit for sale, consumption or use (Hislop 2013). Obsoledge is nothing but the concept which is the combination of obsolete and knowledge. In order to resolve the problem of the knowledge of being obsolete, organizations like ALSI has to make continuous improvements as well as update on the knowledge management system of that particular company (Hislop 2013). Most importantly, it can be the only way with the help of which the obsolete of the knowledge can be prevented. The concept of obsoledge as well as the way of mitigating this problem can easily be understood with the help of the difference between the tacit and explicit knowledge. The tacit knowledge is that knowledge, people carry in their minds as well as they also find it hard for accessing (Jones and Sallis 2013). On the other hand, explicit knowledge is that knowledge that codifies and is documented as well as can also be transferred to others easily. Risk of Change Change encountered in the business operation has both of the advantages as well as risks in terms of the aspect of that particular organization. The risk of the changes encountered in the business operation can be several types (Wang, Noe and Wang 2014). The major risk associated with the changes encountered in the business process is the failure of the change. Sometimes it becomes very difficult for the business operations of the company in order to cope up with the changes. Therefore, the productivity of the organization decreases with the shortfall noticed in the changes made in the business operation of that particular organization (Fuller 2012). Labour market segmentation notices a market for teh labours of a certain company with the sellers as well as the buyers in the open competition with each other, which can function in the similar way broadly like the other friends (Wiig 2012). In case of ALDI, it can be considered as one of the great companies for working if an employee has what it takes for rising to the top of the barrel if that particular employee likes an organization that is regimented as well as well-structured (Fuller 2012). Therefore, it is the place for employees ALDI can profit continue for rising aiding to the construction of more stores be prepared. The problem with this organization in terms of the labour market segmentation is that ALDI tends to operate on a small number of the staffs who are productive. On the other hand, the major issue of this organization is that ALDI has violated the rules of not employing child labour in their retail stores (Fuller 2012). Such a significant and critical issue can greatly hamper the process of gaining competitive advantage. This specific issue can become the biggest consequence for the company as theb knowledge based society of todays world not be ready to support such wrong doing as employing child labour has been noted as an illegal offense and most importantly it can be considered as a crime (Woods and Cortada 2013). The knowledge based society of todays world can also come forward to punish this organization by boycotting their products or in other significant ways of protestation. Human and Social Capital Social capital in an organization is that particular asset that can connect several forms of human capital. It is that particular connections pattern, which can synthesis benefit for one specific group as well as constraint for other (Lwstedt and Stjernberg 2014). It is the form of the cultural as well as economic capital in that social networks are central, transactions are specified by the cooperation, trust and reciprocity, and agents of market produce services and goods as well not mostly for themselves, but for a common good (Alegre, Sengupta and Lapiedra 2013). It has been utilized for explaining the diverse groups improved performance, the entrepreneurial firms growth, enhanced supply chain relations, superior managerial performance, the evolution of communities and value derived from strategic alliances. On the other hand, the human capital for ALDI is simply the collection of resources, all the knowledge, wisdom, judgement, training, intelligence, experience, abilities, skills as well as talents collectively and individually as well by the individuals in that organization. These kinds of the assets or the resources are the entire potential of ALDI that can represent a form of wealth that can be directed for accomplishing the objectives of that particular retail organization (Becerra-Fernandez and Sabherwal 2014). The Corporate Social Responsibility needs that organizations consider the fairness among the employees, sub-contractor employees and clients (Rollett 2012). ALDI is expected for protecting natural resources and for demonstrating responsibility and involvement in environmental components, human rights, community and sustainability that can be affected by the business operations (Becerra-Fernandez and Sabherwal 2014). The Knowledge management had been the strategy before the Corporate Social Responsibility model that was most promoted by the leaders in the corporate management field of ALDI. It utilizes the human resources as well as knowledge in an effective, innovative as well as efficient way (Borghoff and Pareschi 2013). The strategy of KM demonstrates the community of employee and its partners of ALDI as few of most essential organizational assets. These values are compatible with concern of the CSR of this organization with the rights and needs of partners and employees (Hasanali 2015). Macro Policy Development in Employment and Economics The Macroeconomic Policy can be defined as the set of rules as well as regulations those have been implemented by the government of several countries in order to stimulate or control the aggregate indicators of the frames of economy of the macroeconomic policy (Rao 2012). The indicators of aggregation involve interest rate, grown rate, unemployment rate, inflation, money supply as well as the national income. Therefore, the proper implementation of the Macroeconomic policy by ALDI can create huge impact in the employment as well as the economical aspects of this organization. This retail organization can easily ensure both of the two aspects with the help of the proper implementation and development of the two major macroeconomic policies such as the monetary policy and the fiscal policy (Rollett 2012). Fiscal policy is the policy where the government of Germany or the other countries where this organization has presence, tax or spending for stimulating growth (Rollett 2012). On the other hand,, the Monetary policy deals with the changes in the supply of money and the changes in the parameters that impact the money supply in economy. Recommendations In this entire report, there are several issues as well as consequences have been noticed and identified in terms of several aspects like, knowledge management practices, relation between knowledge management and Corporate Social Responsibilities and others. Therefore, based on the overall discussion made in this report some recommendations can be implemented. Among the recommendations, the first and forecast recommendation for ALDI must be the proper implementation of the knowledge management system. This organization should adopt those practices of the knowledge management those can be very effective for the improvement in the performance of the employees as well as for the increase in the productivity. On the other hand, they should be very careful about the maintenance of knowledge in order to gain more competitive advantage. ALDI should be careful about maintaining the proper relation between the CSR and the Knowledge Management system. In addition, ALDI has to follow the macroe conomic properly and effectively. Conclusion From the entire report, one thing has been confirmed that knowledge management is very effective in all of the aspect starting from the improving performance and productivity to the increase in the revenue. In the present scenario of ALDI, this concept has actually been reflected in this report. Knowledge management practices or the proper development of the knowledge management system can play a significant role in several contexts. it can also help the organization in order to maintain all the organizational goal by improving the employee as well as the overall performance of the organization itself with the help of effective knowledge management practices. Reference List Alavi, M. and Leidner, D.E., 2014. Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues.MIS quarterly, pp.107-136. ALDI US - Homepage. (2016).Aldi.us. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.aldi.us Alegre, J., Sengupta, K. and Lapiedra, R., 2013. Knowledge management and innovation performance in a high-tech SMEs industry.International Small Business Journal,31(4), pp.454-470. Becerra-Fernandez, I. and Sabherwal, R., 2014.Knowledge management: systems and processes. Routledge. Borghoff, U.M. and Pareschi, R. eds., 2013.Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Dalkir, K., 2013.Knowledge management in theory and practice. Routledge. Davenport, T.H., De Long, D.W. and Beers, M.C., 2012. Successful knowledge management projects.MIT Sloan Management Review,39(2), p.43. Fuller, S., 2012.Knowledge management foundations. Routledge. Gold, A.H. and Arvind Malhotra, A.H.S., 2014. Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective.Journal of management information systems,18(1), pp.185-214. Hasanali, F., 2015. Critical Success Factors of Knowledge Management (2002). Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holsapple, C. ed., 2013.Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Jones, G. and Sallis, E., 2013.Knowledge management in education: Enhancing learning education. Routledge. Lwstedt, J. and Stjernberg, T., 2014.Producing management knowledge: research as practice. Routledge. Quintas, P., Lefrere, P. and Jones, G., 2015. Knowledge management: a strategic agenda.Long range planning,30(3), pp.385-391. Rao, M., 2012.Knowledge management tools and techniques. Routledge. Rollett, H., 2012.Knowledge management: Processes and technologies. Springer Science Business Media. Rubenstein-Montano, B., Liebowitz, J., Buchwalter, J., McCaw, D., Newman, B., Rebeck, K. and Team, T.K.M.M., 2012. A systems thinking framework for knowledge management.Decision support systems,31(1), pp.5-16. Ruggles, R., 2014. The state of the notion: knowledge management in practice.California management review,40(3), pp.80-89. Wang, S., Noe, R.A. and Wang, Z.M., 2014. Motivating knowledge sharing in knowledge management systems a quasifield experiment.Journal of Management,40(4), pp.978-1009. Wiig, K., 2012.People-focused knowledge management. Routledge. Woods, J.A. and Cortada, J., 2013.The knowledge management yearbook 2000-2001. Routledge.