Aspirin-its preparation, history and applications Essay

How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing ‘library’ of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the body’s normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. PHASE 1 This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. PHASE 2 After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. PHASE 3 This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. . Purification -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up. ). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420. 5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle. BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). Â  How drugs such as aspirin work Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. How effective aspirin is New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 5

At the close of breakfast, maids whisked away the Dutch china and jam, and Winfield retreated to his study, leaving me with the Sutherland women in the sunlit parlor. Bridget, Lydia, and Mrs. Sutherland had installed themselves on the brocade couch, while I perched at the edge of a green velvet chaise, pretending to gaze at an oil portrait of the family when in truth I was calculating the best way to make my escape. My last, paltry feeding seemed a distant memory, and the sweet symphony of beating hearts in this grand mansion was becoming difficult to resist. During the meal, I'd tried several times to free myself from the Sutherlands' presence, with the aim of slipping out a window or escaping through the servants' quarters. But as though my intentions were written plainly across my forehead, I was unable to shake my company for even two minutes. When I'd excused myself to the facility, the butler had insisted upon escorting me. When I mentioned I'd enjoy lying down in my room, Mrs. Sutherland had pointed out that the couch in the parlor was the perfect place for a repose. I knew that they were grateful to me for returning Bridget to them, but I couldn't explain their acceptance of me into their home. Especially given the state I was in when I first entered it: dirty, torn clothes, disheveled, and bloody. â€Å"Mr. Stefan,† Margaret said, leaning against the column that separated the parlor from the foyer. â€Å"Are you entirely all right?† â€Å"Fine, fine,† I said. â€Å"Why do you ask?† â€Å"You're shaking your leg so hard you're rattling the chair.† I pressed my hand to my knee to steady my leg. â€Å"I usually start my morning with a walk,† I lied, pushing myself to standing. â€Å"In fact, if I may excuse myself, I think I'll take a stroll around the park.† Margaret raised a perfectly arched brow. â€Å"You certainly seem to spend a lot of time in the park.† â€Å"I consider it my second home,† I said with a wry smile, picturing my cave with its cadre of statues. â€Å"I've always found nature comforting.† â€Å"What a lovely idea!† Mrs. Sutherland said, clasping her hands together. â€Å"Would you mind if we joined you? It's a beautiful day, and we could all use some fresh air.† â€Å"Mama, I think it would be best if I rested instead,† Bridget said, putting a hand to her very healthy-looking brow. â€Å"You mean, stay in and receive visitors all day so you can tell them about your adventures,† Margaret said, shaking her head. â€Å"I'm afraid I shall have to beg off, too, Mother. I've things to attend to at home, now that it appears my sister is fine – and my husband misses me.† â€Å"I can't imagine why,† Bridget muttered uncharitably. Lydia shot her youngest sister a look and lightly slapped her arm. Mrs. Sutherland ignored the sisterly sniping, shaking out a light cloak and wrapping it around her shoulders. â€Å"Come with us, Mr. Salvatore. We shall make a fine party of three.† Resisting the urge to shout in frustration – what would it take to leave this family's clutches? – I forced a smile on my face and held out my arm to Mrs. Sutherland. The second we stepped outside the massive front door, the sun assaulted my eyes. It was a bright, lemony yellow and the sky a perfect blue. For early November up north, it was a remarkably mild day. If not for the sun's low angle in relation to the earth, it would have been easy to mistake it for a brisk spring morning. We headed south, then crossed at Sixty-sixth Street and walked through the wrought iron gates of the park. Despite the events of the night before, neither Lydia nor Mrs. Sutherland showed any hesitation or fear. I suppose they felt safe enough in my presence. I took a deep breath of the morning air, which seemed so clear and pure after the events of the previous night. It was as though, with the rising sun, the entire world had been washed clean. Seed heads bobbed at the ends of long grasses and flowers opened toward the sky, taking in the last bright sun of the year. The droplets of dew had already dispersed from the previous night. We were not the only ones out to enjoy the day. The park was packed with families and strolling couples. I was struck once again with how different the North was. Yankee women wore bright colors, such as we hadn't seen in the South for years – scarlets, brilliant yellows, bold, sky blues in silk and velvet and expensive cloths like European lace, delicate stockings, tiny leather boots. Even nature here was different. Northern trees were round, quaint, elliptical maples where our lush oaks spread out, soaking up the sun to the farthest tips of their branches. The pines were spiky and blue, not the tall, soft, grand ones the soft Southern breeze whispers around. Mrs. Sutherland and Lydia prattled on about the weather, but they had lost my attention, for at that moment a squirrel crossed our path. A sudden darkness overcame me, as if one of the few clouds in the sky had momentarily passed in front of the sun. My predator instincts awoke. There was nothing delectable about its beady eyes or bushy tail, but in a flash I could taste it – the blood of yesterday. It invaded my nostrils and tickled my throat with desire. â€Å"Please excuse me – I – I believe I see someone I know.† I made my trivial excuse as I dashed off, promising to return in a moment, though I had no intention of doing so. I could feel Lydia and Mrs. Sutherland's eyes follow me curiously as I disappeared behind a thicket of bushes. There sat my prey, as innocent as Bridget had likely looked to her attacker last night. It eyed me as I approached, but did not make a move. In a flash I was upon it, and it was over even more quickly. As I felt the blood seep into me – a paltry feeding, but a feeding nonetheless – I leaned against the tree trunk, awash in exhausted relief. It had not been apparent until just now how edgy I had been, every moment afraid of my own hunger. Afraid of the stirrings inside of me, and how they might control me at any instant. My relief was so great that I didn't even hear Lydia approach, ruining my chance of escape. â€Å"Stefan?† she said, looking around, no doubt curious to meet the person I had run off to greet. â€Å"It turns out that I was mistaken after all,† I mumbled, reluctantly rejoining Lydia and her mother on the path. They fell back into polite conversation, while I kicked along silently next to them, berating myself for my slowed reflexes. What was wrong with me? I was a vampire. Removing myself from the Sutherlands' presence should have been no hard task, even in my weakened state. An unpleasant thought rattled at the back of my mind, an alternate explanation, that I was still with this family because I wanted to be. â€Å"Mr. Salvatore, you're awfully quiet,† Mrs. Sutherland observed. I stole a glance at Lydia, who gave me a smile, clearly acknowledging that her mother did not deal in subtlety. â€Å"Forgive me. It's been a while since I've been in the midst of people,† I admitted as we turned on to the bridle path. Mrs. Sutherland squeezed my hand. If she noticed its icy pallor, she must have taken it for a chill. â€Å"Since you lost your father?† she asked gently. I nodded. That explanation was easier than the truth. â€Å"I lost a brother in the battle with Mexico,† Mrs. Sutherland confided, as we passed a little girl and her father walking a long-haired dachshund. â€Å"We were the closest of nine brothers and sisters. Despite our numbers, none of my siblings could ever replace him in my heart.† â€Å"Uncle Isaiah,† Lydia murmured. â€Å"I barely remember him. But he was always kind.† â€Å"I'm sorry to hear that. I did not mean to turn this outing into a sad affair,† I apologized. â€Å"Remembering and mourning needn't always be sad,† Mrs. Sutherland pointed out. â€Å"It is simply . . . what it is. Keeping their lives present in our own.† Her words cast a true light through all the confusing thoughts that had been clouding my mind of late: how to remain in touch with my human side even as I embraced becoming a vampire, how to not lose my soul. Keeping the past present was paramount. Just as my memory of Callie kept me from attacking Bridget, my connection to my family, to the life that had once been mine, would help me keep my humanity. Though she didn't resemble my own mother at all, for one instant, with the sunlight shining down through her cap and illuminating her graying hair, her sharp blue eyes softened with feeling, I suddenly felt she could be my mother. That, were the circumstances different, I could be happy in her home. Oh, how I missed my mother. While my deep grief for her had abated in the years since she had died, there was a dull ache that was never absent from my heart. How much of the tragedy that engulfed our lives could have been avoided if she were still alive? I missed my father, too. Up until the moment I killed him, I respected and loved him. I had wanted to follow in his footsteps, to take on the family estate, to please him as much as possible. My deepest wish had been that he could respect and love me back. I even missed my brother, or rather who he used to be. Though he vowed to get revenge on me for turning him into a vampire, in life he had been my truest companion in the world, my playful competitor and my closest confidant. I wondered where Damon was right now, and what harm he might be doing. I couldn't judge his bad behavior – I'd had my share of bloodlust after I had turned. I only hoped his humanity would return to him as mine had. â€Å"You are a wise woman, Mrs. Sutherland,† I said, returning the squeeze of her hand. She smiled at me. â€Å"You're a remarkable young man,† Mrs. Sutherland noted. â€Å"If I was your mother, I should be very proud of you. Of course, I have no sons, and only one son-in-law. . . .† She sniffed. â€Å"But, Mother, Margaret and I are each very accomplished, in our own way,† Lydia said, ignoring the pointed remark about son-in-laws. â€Å"She does the books for Wally. And I am helping to form that charity for mothers who lack a stable income.† Mrs. Sutherland cast a private smile at me, and in that moment I dared to hope. Perhaps it was possible to stay here, to become part of this family. It would be a dangerous game, but perhaps I could master it. I could keep my hunger under control and take daily walks with Lydia and Mrs. Sutherland, accompanying them home for a cup of tea or a lively debate about the war with Winfield. Lydia continued on, making her case for her own independence, her mother sighing despite her apparent pride. The sun grew warmer as we made our way west, choosing paths at random until we came upon a familiar foot trail in the middle of the park that led straight to Seneca Village. My home. Perhaps it was my sudden distraction that caused Mrs. Sutherland to look at me so closely. â€Å"Mr. Salvatore,† she said, half-concerned, half-afraid. â€Å"You have a . . . spot . . . upon your collar.† Despite the laws of decorum, Lydia reached for it then, brushing a finger gently near my neck. I shuddered in excitement and fear at her closeness. When she withdrew her pointer finger, it wore a speck of blood. I grew ashen. For this was the fact of my life. Despite the pains I took to control myself, the exhaustive efforts at constant secrecy, one speck of blood was all it took to upset the balance. They would see me for who I was: a liar, a murderer, a monster. The tinkling of Lydia's laughter broke the silence. â€Å"Just a bit of jam,† she said lightly, wiping her finger on the low-hanging branch of a passing tree. â€Å"Mr. Salvatore,† she teased, â€Å"I know we have made you feel very much at home, but while you are our guest, perhaps you should be more careful with your table manners.† Mrs. Sutherland began to chide her daughter, but seeing the happy relief upon my own face, she smiled as well. Soon we were all laughing gaily at Stefan Salvatore, the nighttime-hero-turned-careless-houseguest, as we made our way back into the sunlight.

CIS204 U4 Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE IMPACT OF CONTROL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT BRITISH AIRWAYS - Essay Example The research study has focused on the sampling out of the employee groups and categorization of them into Best Performing, Average Performing and Low Performing. This has been done realizing the fact that the employee’s perception about the control management system itself may be strongly affected by the employees his or her own experience about the system and the outcomes of the system in the form of their job enrichment, promotions, responsibilities’ enrichment or any other job enhancement. It is also important here to analyze whether the employees themselves have realized that which control management system or controlling strategy from an HR perspective really matters for them and if they seem it to be the part of the contributing factors that have led them in realizing to their strong performance capabilities. All these points are also important to analyze as which performance group has what direction of thinking. It may be possible that there is no clear trend or demarcation of thoughts among the sample groups. This study involves a survey questionnaire where the employees were asked to answer a few questions. Employees were categorized into three basic groups - â€Å"Best Performing†, â€Å"Average Performing† and â€Å"Low Performing† employees, considering the fact that there is an influence, whether clear or blurred, between the performances of the employee himself/herself and the perception about the system in which he/she has made up to the mark where he/she stands currently. The responses were taken as SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neither agree nor disagree, A = Agree and SA = Strongly Agree. Although the perceptions and the responses do not clearly demarcate any trend or conclusion, however, statistics covered in earlier chapters may support in the analysis of any particular aspect of the research. (1) Control management is a desired component within the organization by the majority of participants

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Bipolar disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bipolar disorder - Research Paper Example We can therefore know of our safety from mental disorders through gaining knowledge of symptoms of the disorders and establishing their absence. This, however, can be done better through specialists’ advice (Cleveland, 2009). Personal perception and understanding of mental disorder My personal opinion on mental disorders has changed to identify positivity in challenged individuals. Previously, I held the perception that the disorders cannot be managed for the victims’ positive lives. I have however learnt that the disorders are common among people but are managed to insignificant levels that allow the individuals to lead normal lives. I also now understand that mental disorder victims require psychological care support for proper management of their conditions (Helpguide, n.d.). Understanding mental disorders Understanding mental disorders should adopt a systematic professional approach that establishes root causes of the disorders. This is because of the level of compl exity and diversity of the disorders with different causes, either psychological or biological. Such an understanding develops a basis for managing the mental disorders (Nairne, 2008). Impacts of culture on diagnosis of mental disorders Culture has direct impacts on diagnosis of mental disorders through defining abnormal behavior. ... Its susceptibility level is uniform across gender as men and women shows almost same prevalence rates. Women are however slightly more vulnerable to the disorder. Bipolar disorder majorly develops during a person’s early ages, normally teenage, and predominantly consists of â€Å"depressive and maniac episodes† that alternates or simultaneously manifest (Brown, n.d., po. 1). It is estimated to affect at least ten million individuals in America, impairing the victims’ attitudes, physical potential, and ability to work. Even though it is chronic, its symptoms are periodic and are manageable through medications (Duckworth, 2006). Diagnosis Diagnosis of bipolar disorder is efficiently done through trained healthcare personnel or a specialized expert such as psychologist. It may be achieved through â€Å"physical examination, an interview, or lab tests† (Nimh, 2012, p. 1). Physical examination for example identifies a person’s abnormal energy and physica l activity levels while interviews identifies significant changes in attitudes and behavior. Diagnosis can also be done through a psychiatric evaluation (Nimh, 2012). Treatment There is currently no identified treatment for bipolar disorder. A number of treatment for managing patients’ symptoms are however available to prevent hospitalization and advancement of the disorder to more serious stages. Application of â€Å"mood stabilizing medications,† â€Å"atypical antipsychotic medications,† and â€Å"antidepressant medications† has for example been adopted with each category consisting of a variety of drugs (Nimh, 2012, p. 1; Brown, n.d). Evidence based practice that identify treatment models also integrates with medicinal approaches to facilitate management of the disorder. The approaches’ diversity

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Week 2 - Essay Example Clearswift is a company that specializes on information security. It is a most sought after companies by other business establishments hence it functions worldwide. It provides cyber solutions which are adaptive in order to allow their clients to secure the critical data in their establishments from either external or internal threats. The company provides different products depending on the clients need. The first product it provides is the Clearswift secure email gateway. This is a highly effective product that from 50 to 50,000+ users. This product neutralizes viruses, mitigates spam and prevents data leaks The second product is the Clearswift content inspection engine (SDK). This is high performance engine that recognizes data compressively. The product checks and verifies data integrity, malware detection, and detection of active content among others. Another product the company offers is information governance where it manages risk, cost, and security on behalf of its clients. Another product is the clear secure exchange gateway that allows for all emails in the organization’s cyber space to be inspected through the deep content inspection. It also provides Clearswift secure ICAP gateway. This is a product that maximizes web security that is existing through the use of ICAP (Clearswift 2013). It improves browsing of the internet through minimizing loss of data, and protection from attacks and exploits from external sources through the application of intelligent web filtering. Social networking by the year 2020 will have progressed in terms of both technology and usage. This is with regard to the trends that social networking is taking currently. By the year 2020 social networking will have replaced many basic day to day activities both in a professional and personal level. In the professional level, social networking will have revolutionized the business sector where it may be possible to find that people no longer

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Capitalism and United States Essay Example for Free

Capitalism and United States Essay There are many aspects of FDR’s New Deal that must be analyzed in order to determine if this collection of economic programs helped or hurt America’s effort in ending the Great Depression. The Great Depression caused both a decline in national moral and economic productivity unprecedented in United States history. The previously prestigious capitalistic economy was brought to its knees on Black Thursday in October of 1929. Roosevelt had taken office with the intent to quickly relieve a nation from Hoover’s â€Å"do-nothing approach† within his first 100 days as president. He knew he had to act fast in order to fulfill the demands of the people that could be, in part, credited because of their investments in the stock market with unstable funds. There was a rebellion in full swing. As recorded in A People’s History of the United States, â€Å"Desperate people were not waiting for the government to help them; they were helping themselves.†After the stock market crashed, the flaws in the capitalist system were more predominantly brought to surface. The system had been given a bad name among a growing socialist nation in times of desperation. To a socialist critic, the system could be depicted as unsound by nature; neglecting human needs in the pursuit of large corporate benefits. The New Deal was set in place to save capitalism from itself. In order to do this Roosevelt felt that passing a number of social programs would keep the market economy from, once again, self destructing. Through his efforts, Roosevelt had consequently formed class warfare. The faces of business leaders had become the faces of bloodthirsty, evil men which appealed largely to an American public looking for someone, something, or anything to blame for the pain they were going through. Finding that happy-medium between relieving the economic crisis of the American people and not giving the public something they could view as a government fall-back was something that the country had never had to deal with before on this large of a scale. Throughout Roosevelt’s implementation of his social programs concerns surfaced from conservative Americans. Roosevelt did not want welfare to be seen as â€Å"a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit.† FDR’s New Deal, under a growingly socialist system, in ways got the country back on its feet and may have been the fix that America was looking for at the time. At the same time; however, it could have been the spark to the gradual lazy, entitled attitude that we experience today in the United States.

Illustrious Case Essay Example for Free

Illustrious Case Essay The key inputs to implement a Material Requirement Planning come from three sources: a Bill of Materials (BOM), a Master Production Schedule and Inventory Records. The Bill of Materials contain information on every item or assembly required to produce end items, this includes raw materials, component parts, and subassemblies. The Master Production Schedule anticipates how much of each item is wanted and when is wanted. The Master Production Schedule is developed from forecasts and firm customer orders for end items, safety stock requirements, and internal orders. The Inventory Records provides information of how much inventory is already on hand or on order, and thus should be substracted from the material requirements. These records must be kept up to date. The outputs expected from MRP inlude three primary reports and three secondary reports. The primary reports consist of: planned order schedules, which outline the quantity and timing of future material orders; order releases, which authorize orders to be made; and changes to planned orders, which might include cancellations or revisions of the quantity or time frame. The secondary reports include: performance control reports, which are used to track problems like missed delivery dates and stock outs in order to evaluate system performance; planning reports, which can be used in forecasting future inventory requirements; and exception reports, which identifies major problems like late orders or excessive scrap rates. The bills of materials for two finished products (D and E), inventory status, and other relevant information are given below. Compute the planned order releases and projected on-hand inventory balances for parts D, E, and F.

Critical Perspective Of Marxism And Foucauldian Sociology Essay

Critical Perspective Of Marxism And Foucauldian Sociology Essay Critical theory dates back to the Enlightenment and is connected to the writings of Kant, Hegel and Marx. However, in the 20th century, critical theory became closely associated with a distinct body of thought, known as the Frankfurt School. It states Devetak in Burchills and Linklaters Theories of International Relations. It is the work of Horkheimer, Adorno, Benjamin, Marcuse, Fromm and more recently, Habermas that critical theory has acquired a renewed strength. Thus, the term critical theory was used as the symbol of a philosophy which questions the effective order of political and social modernity through an order of immanent critique. It was mainly an attempt to regain a critical potential that had been overrun by recent intellectual, social, cultural, economic and technological trends. The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory is the longest and most famous traditions of Marxism.   This tradition is often referred as critical theory- meaning a special kind of social philosophy from its inception in 1923 by Felix Weil (Seiler, 2004).   The critical theory of society of the Frankfurt School continues to excite interest and controversy (Kellner, 2001).   A theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.   A number of critical theories have emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimension of the domination of human beings in modern societies (Gutting, 2003). The above statement sets the mood for this paper as I will be looking at how the critical management theory of yesterday applies to the modern western today.   Another key aspect will be on trying to articulate the connections between the management perspectives of contemporary society in the critical theory.   The focus will be on The focus will be on as the location for cooperative, practical and transformative activity continues today.   This attempt will be on determining the nature and limits of real democracy in complex, pluralistic, and globalised societies. what is it, why is it applied to management) Introduction part 2 (150): Marx and Foucault as critical theorists (an overview of their thought). A Marxists thought is based on this lifestyle, a science of logic called Dialectics. Thus, Marxism is both a theory and a practice. The theories of Marxism are based on a scientific method of thought called dialectal materialism.   Theory is based on a particular set of conditions that are always finite, and thus, any theory is necessarily limited. To test the validity of theory, Marxists rely on empirical evidence as the criteria of truth (Basgen, 2005). Marxism embraces modernity and Marxists argue that one of the main problems is that capitalism puts fetters on the progressive forces. The forces of capitalism are viewed as progressive in sweeping away the traditional, religious, backward, and feudal forms of society, spreading industrialisation and urbanisation across societies (Moody, 2003). Marxs critique of capitalism was that while this system had incredible power and potential to transform human society positively, in actual fact it resulted in exploitation and ultimately limited the possibility for further improvement (Powell, 2001). Moody (2003), describe this environment as workers were emancipated from traditional limits but became slaves of the new factory system, monopolisation resulted in limits on trade and further progress, and the state acted in the interests of the bourgeoisie rather than society as a whole. Followed by your argument (that they each offer a distinct analysis (Foucault as a critic of Marxisms humanism, subjectivity and economic reductionism) but both are useful to evaluate management approaches Marx for economic relationships between manager and worker and Foucault for patterns in disciplinary behaviour found in managerial practices. CRITICAL THEORY The term Critical theory has its origins in the 20th century Frankfurt School, and now is associated with scholars across a range of disciplines.   Its purpose of inquiry is to confront injustices in society (Clark, 2004).   Critical Theory has been deeply concerned with the fate of modernity, and has offered systematic and comprehensive theories of the trajectory of modernity. Critical theory began by putting Marxian political economy at the centre of analysis, and early critical theory was materialist and committed to socialism (Gingrich, 2000).     Critical theory has generally been committed to the idea of modernity and progress, while at the same time noting the ways that features of modernity can create problems for individuals and society (Kellner, 2000). This is much reflected on the 21st century, though there is progress in many things, but still issues like globalisation tends to pose important problems for the society.     Ã‚  According to Heilman (1998), being critical involves understanding the sets of historically contingent circumstances and contradictory power relationships that create the conditions in which we live.   Theory helps us to organize the world, to sort out the details, to make some coherent sense out of a kaleidoscope of sensations (Ayers, 1992).   When theory is theorized, as stated by Heilman (1998), the imperatives of practice bring the theory down to the ground.   Phenomena are observed and experienced; this experience informs theory; and then the theory is further modified as a result of additional practice.   Rather like fiction writing, critical theorizing is a process of imagining and describing a nonreal but possible world.   The critical theorists have deeply influenced contemporary social theory, communication theories, cultural theory and many more for a number of decades.   According to Clark (2004), Critical theorists are committed to understand the relationship between societal structures (such as economic and political) and ideological patterns of thought that constrain the human imagination and thus limit opportunities for confronting and changing unjust social systems.   Critical theorists emphasise that theory and research must serve emancipatory interests, to create a world that satisfies the needs and powers of social actors (Sanghera, 2004).     According to critical theory, people are dominated by a false consciousness created and perpetuated by capitalism in order to preserve the hegemony of those in power (Meyer-Emerick, 2004).   Due to this cause, one can assume that it prevents people from freely pursuing their own interests.   This dissent is only dismissed if people begin to see the contradictions between the social construction of the world and their lived experience.   CRITICAL THEORY TODAY   The critical theorists analysed the integration of the working class into advanced capitalist societies and suggested the need for new agents of a social change.   They seemed to provide more vivid descriptions of the present configurations of culture and society (Kellner, 2004).   According to my understanding, we look into the critical theory of the past to gain methodological insight and political inspiration to carry on the tasks of critical social theory in the present time.   Critical theory is crucial for South Africa including the whole African continent, as we are undergoing vast transformations.  Ã‚   Some of these transformations are promising to uplift our standard of living as the society, but others are threatening.   Globalisation is one of the new transformations.     Revolutionary Marxists maintain that although change may arise as an unintended consequence of molecular acts of resistance, the importance of resistance is that it can generate collective agents capable of pursuing the conscious goal of social change (Hassard, 2001).   This self-limiting resistance, orchestrated from above and aimed solely at affecting them as described by Hassard, is less likely to be successful in achieving even minor reforms than resistance that aims to effect a revolutionary transformation of society.   We have seen an interesting case here in South Africa opposed to what Marxists declared to be politically uninteresting which is labour process theory.   Their argument is that it does not engage with the issues of political and trade union organization, which influence the consciousness and unity of workers (Hogan, 2001).   COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Union) which is having close ties with the ANC (African National Congress) is making this labour process very interesting.   Cosatu fights for the rights of workers while promoting the spirit of unity.   They do this in a unified political activity.   Although the immediate interests of workers in production may diverge, their grievances and interests can be unified into a common political program, but that unification is a political achievement.   This is more apparent on what happened recently with the case of Zimbabwe where Cosatu wanted to have talks with Zimbabwes congress of Trade Union.   Cosatu believes that the unification of workers can have a huge impact on political changes as MDC (Movement for Democratic Change) is aiming at changing the political affairs of Zimbabwe ahead of Robert Mugabes Zanu-PF (the ruling party).   Marxs critique of capitalism Capitalism is the system that upholds the relationship between the owners of the means of production and workers. The former comprise the bourgeois class and the latter the proletariat. (Bourgeois managers, proletariat workers). Marxs analysis of the factory can be translated to the office environment, the relationship between the two classes remains, e.g. office workers do not own the company, equipment and materials the belong to the company. Counter agreement is that companies give share to employees, however, shares are small they dont give power to the employees but it is a form of making them employees feel part of the company in order to gain more out of them . The bourgeois (managers that have control) Commodity fetishism Culture of the commodity, or what a capitalist organisation produces, as containing a value dependant on market factors, rather than on the activity of labour. This produces an objective relationship between commodities and labourers are reduced to the condition and status of the commodities they produce. Implications for critical theory looking at management approaches: Prices of commodity go up and down and so does the price of labour cost e.g. recession Salary: paid no matter how much they produce Bonus: to encourage production to increase profits Marx: (800wrds) Exploitation as Alienation Explain Marxs articulation of exploitation. The practice of mistreat of workers in an environment that is deliberately designed to maintain it, i.e. capitalism, Marxs conforming the workers alienated by/owners of the means of production to gain profits at the expense of the workers (e.g. managers forcing employees to undertake tasks outside their job description in order to cut costs and maximise profits) because people are alienated they conform to the demands of their employers in order to keep jobs safe. Foucault bound to rules, rule-bound individual, Marxs Humanism Foucault Strucralist, came after Marx Moves away from the economics of Marx. Looks at power and reconceptualises it. Management as a representation of power relations in society. Specific rules maintain, regulate and institutionalize practices in a work environment (office, factory, school, etc), Power- Disciplinary power the panopticon as a illustration of society, the middle tower is all seeing yet prisoners always obey without knowing for certain whether they are being monitored, by whom or by how many. The result is the creation of self-regulating, obedient and disciplined prisoners (at least in theory). Relate this form of disciplinary power to management. Power as the central driving force in a society within a group of people in a working environment. Manager doesnt create a system the manager merely plays along with the rules, thus maintaining the relations of dominance and dominated. Discourses (rules that we work within and obey) and all to do with power Power-Knowledge, all power engenders power and (hanin essay). The rules that are emplace are their to maximise profits and to make the workforce obedient, docile subjects ; alternative view to commodity fetishism, marx says the worker turns in to a commodity that is commodity fetishism, Focault would say that the individual is merely the collective of the discourses they obey. The two concerns are thats 1. Marx looks at the economy 2. Foucault looks at power. 3 objections to ideology (Marx) 1. requires an opposing concept of scientific truth 2. implies that we are subjects(agents of history to change it) 3. relative to economic superstructure MICHEL FOUCALT (1926 1984)   His studies challenged the influence of German political philosopher Karl Marx and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Foucault offered new concepts that challenged peoples assumptions about prisons, the police, insurance, care of the mentally ill, gay rights, and welfare (Ron, 2000).   The main influences on Foucaults thought were German philosophers Frederick Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger.   The connect.net website, describe Foucaults thought as explored the shifting patterns of power within a society and the ways in which power relates to the self. He investigated the changing rules governing the kind of claims that could be taken seriously as true or false at different times in history. Marx Vs Foucault Foucault would argue that power relations are the units of analysis, not the individual; in other words the individual is created by power-knowledge (power is above all creative, it creates subjects). Marx puts the individual at the centre, where the subject is conscious of his role in the historical process. Humanism (placing the individual at the centre of events, man as the agent, as the creator of history (what Foucault critiques as a structuralist philosopher). Marxs humanism can be defined as Power-Knowledge, all power engenders power and (hanin essay). The rules that are emplace are their to maximise profits and to make the workforce obedient, docile subjects ; alternative view to commodity fetishism, marx says the worker turns in to a commodity that is commodity fetishism, Focault would say that the individual is merely the collective of the discourses they obey. The two concerns are thats 1. Marx looks at the economy 2. Foucault looks at power. 600 word on whether Scientific management theory can better cope with analysis of management than Marx and Foucault Scientific management (Taylor System) also known as Taylorism is a theory of management that analysis and manufactures workflows to improve employee (labour) productivity. The idea was developed by a Frederick Winslow Taylor between 1880 and 1890, and it was the first published monograph (written documents). Frederick Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and the rules of the thumb should be replaced by accurate procedures that are developed after a study of an individual at work. This means that there is a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. Scientific management is a distinction on the theme of efficiency; it developed in the 19th and 20th century were instance of large recurring theme in the human life of increasing efficiency, decreasing waste and using experiential methods to dictate what matters rather than accepting pre-existing ideas of what matters. Management today is the greatest use of scientific management is a form to contrast a new and improved way of doing business. The Marxist theory of capital sees labour as a cost of production resulting in the alienation of workers as the need for labour surfaces from the physical needs defined by the fundamental relationship between humans and their physical environment (Hatch, 1997, p.27).   Taylors ideas on scientific management (1990) have similar economic themes to Marx and Adam Smith.   By viewing management as a science, he broke down the managerial problem into stages of research, definition, analysis and implementation.   His principles were inherently based on the assumption that people put in as little effort as possible into their work and were soldiering on in order to earn money.   This shifted all the responsibility from the worker to the manager and scientific methods were used to determine the most efficient way of working.   After selecting the best person capable of performing the task, they were trained to work efficiently and their performance was strictly monitored.   In hin dsight, though this may have appeared to be a good generic strategy for the success of a firm, it heavily depended on whether the optimal method of producing could be found and whether or not the strategy was implemented correctly.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion Great managers know and value the unique abilities and even the eccentricities of their employees, and they learn how best to integrate them into a coordinated plan of attack (Buckingham, 2005).   Managers are only as good as their ideas, resources and workers.   The way in which he deploys the resources at his disposal is essentially the making or breaking of a manager.   Great managers are able to discover and develop what is different about each person who works for them.   Strictly defining management and the role of managers can only be done after the managerial act has been observed in reality, the majority of the analysis is theoretical evaluation and speculation based on past examples.  Ã‚   It is important to understand that the perception of what managers are supposed to do evolves with the industry and technology that runs parallel to the growth of a firm.   Managers used to control by fear and use absolute power, however, a more humanistic approach is now used , in which the employee is valued in the decision making process undertaken by the manager.  

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Is Hamlet Mad? :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Is Hamlet Mad? Perhaps the world's most famous mental patient, Hamlet's sanity has been argued over by countless learned scholars for hundreds of years. As a mere student of advanced-level English Literature, I doubt I can add anything new to the debate in 2000 words, but I can look at the evidence supporting or dispelling each argument and come to my own conclusion. Hamlet is obviously experiencing grief and despair right from the beginning of the novel, with the death of his father and his uncle's seizure of the throne and rapid weddign of Hamlet's mother, and we can observe his great grief bordering on irrational suicidal tendencies as early as Act II Sc I, where he gives his first soliloquy. He cries: "O that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon 'gainst self-slaughter!" Macbeth wants his flesh to dissolve into a dew ("solid" contrasting with "melt" in the first line), and wishes that God had not forbade suicides from going to heaven. This is also the first glimpse of another recurring theme in the play, that of Hamlet's unhealthy obsession with the afterlife. This is one of the reasons that the ghost of his father has such an effect on him, which is a trigger for all the subsequent events in the play. Moving on to the fourth scene, the next interesting speech is on l. 23. It is a long and complicated speech, but its general gist is that if a person has one fault, no matter how virtuous they may be in other ways, they are soiled by "the stamp of one defect". This speech is quite ironic, because it is Hamlet's "one defect" (his hesitancy and inability to take action), regardless of his other qualities (such as honour and integrity), will be the main reason why the play ends so tragically. Although we are supposed to suspect that "something is rotten in the state of Denmark", as Horatio puts it, from the start of the play, it is only when Hamlet talks with the ghost of his father in Act I Sc V that we realise the full extent of his uncle's treachery. When he first sees the ghost, Horatio and Marcellus try to restrain him, Horatio saying: "What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea, And there assume some other horrible form, Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason,

Educational Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching Essays

Educational Philosophy For some, it is an occupation – a means of earning a living. For others, it is a skill performed with great ability and proficiency. What is it? It is teaching. Teaching, as defined by Webster’s New World Dictionary, is to â€Å"show or help (a person) to learn (how) to do something; to provide with knowledge, insight, etc.†(Webster’s, p. 605). Since the beginning of civilization, teaching has encompassed people’s lives. Building on the knowledge learned from his beloved teacher, Socrates, Plato created his own school to encourage others in their pursuit of knowledge. Even though the styles and philosophies of teaching have changed greatly since 2000B.C., the concept of an ideal teacher remains the same. Excellent educators inspire their students to reach for the stars. Our public education system in West Virginia is due to the valiant efforts of our forefathers. Fighting for a training arrangement applicable to ALL students, these pioneers provided the groundwork from which we have expounded. Our ancestors appreciated the importance of an adequate education, and now, it is our responsibility as present and future educators to continue the tradition. Providing equal and superb instruction to all students should be the number one priority for us teachers. Public educators have the greatest opportunity – to touch a child’s life for the better. As a public school teacher, I would set the expectations for my students at ceiling level, but then provide them with the ladder and walk them through each wrung to ensure accomplishment. I want to instill in my students that each child has the capacity for success (keeping in mind that each person has his own definition for success) and a lifelong thirst for knowledge. Children are like clothing. Some are â€Å"ironed† and â€Å"clean† from a childhood of love and true nurturing. Some are â€Å"wrinkled† and â€Å"worn† from a childhood of abuse and neglect. Some appear â€Å"irregular† as a result of a handicap or disability. Sadly, many are â€Å"labeled†, whether positively or negatively, before they complete their years in school.

Socialolgy

Sociology is a liberal perspective that explores the influences of social forces on individual behaviors. Course Objectives Students should be able to use a variety of thinking and reasoning skills, apply these skills as appropriate in various situations, and move among them depending on purpose. Upon completion of this course students should be able to: Define and gain a better understanding of sociology, critical thinking, and critical sociology. Define and differentiate between the three major sociological perspectives. Identify significant historical contributions to the discipline.Define and apply the sociological imagination as it pertains to a wide spectrum of real-world situations, cultures, and social problems. Understand the functions and social problems created and maintained by social institutions. Explain how age, race, ethnicity, gender and social class are socially constructed and how such constructs contribute to existing social problems. Witt, Jon (2013). SOC 2013 (3 rd Deed. ). McGraw-Hill companies Inc. ISBN: 07-802674-4 Finiteness's, Kurt (2013). Annual Editions (41st Deed. ). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.ISBN: 978-0-07-813601-6 Office Hours o have any questions, problems, or concerns, please feel free to visit me during my office hours Tuesdays or by appointment. Email Etiquette The best way to contact me is via email at Ashley. [email  protected] Email. Deed. However please keep in mind that FREER does not allow me to discuss any matters concerning personal grades. Additionally, I teach several classes each semester at two different universities. I will not respond to emails unless you provide me your NAME and CLASS so that I know who you are. Please refer to me as Ashley.Attendance, Absences, & Make-Up Work In this class there is a strong correlation between attendance and test performance, assignment scores, and your final grade. Material presented in class will NOT be made available to those who do not attend. Lecture notes will NOT be po sted on Blackboard. If you are going to miss an exam, you must contact me in ADVANCED notice PRIOR to the exam, as well as provide documented evidence of your excuse. Late work in labs will not be accepted. If you anticipate being absent, you must contact your TA prior to missing lab and schedule a different lab session to attend.Make-up work will only be allowed in the rare occasion that you are severely ill, experience an emergency, or are required to attend a university event and you must provide documentation of your absence. Course Organization & Grading ** This course is weighted. Therefore, your total points on Blackboard will not be representative of your final grade unless you calculate those points in accordance with the weight. ** Lecture Material presented in lecture will NOT be made available to those who do not attend class and will NOT be posted on Blackboard. Grades are NOT curved, emailed, or given over the phone.Extra credit is NOT an option. Labs A separate lab sy llabus will be provided by your GTAG. Lab times are NOT interchangeable. If you cannot attend your lab session, you must contact Tom or Keenan prior to your absence. Students are required to make-up their missed lab session during another lab session. This section is worth 30% of your final semester grade. It is your responsibility to keep a copy of all your work. Once assignments have been returned it is in your best interest to check Model right away to make sure your score is posted correctly AND to hold on to them until the class ends and final grades re posted.Quizzes There will be a total of 11 quizzes offered this semester. Each quiz is worth 10 points. Your lowest quiz score will be dropped; hence 10 quizzes will count towards your final grade. The quiz schedule is listed below. The quiz will become available the Friday prior to the date due. On the due date, the quiz must be submitted by 11:59 p. M. Quizzes that are not submitted by the corresponding date and time will resu lt in a failing score. You CANNOT make up a missed quiz (you can drop the lowest score). Quizzes are not timed.You may access the quiz as many times as needed, however once the quiz is submitted, the score is final. All quiz questions will be derived from your textbook. Quizzes will be worth 10% of your final semester grade. Exams This section is comprised of 3 multiple choice exams (which are NOT comprehensive). The majority of exam questions are derived from mass lecture. The remaining questions are from the textbook. Excused make-up exams are granted if you contact Tom or Keenan PRIOR to the exam date and provide documented evidence of your excuse. The instructor reserves the right to change the exam dates.Final Grades Exams, quizzes and lab assignments are calculated as follows: 0-100% = A 80-89% 70-79% 00-59% Blackboard Class announcements, quizzes, study guides and other supplemental course material will be posted on Blackboard. To access course material (study guides, quizzes ), be sure to click on the Content link located in the left hand column. You will find the material in the associated folder. Additionally, all grades (unofficial) will be posted on Blackboard. Classroom Conduct Attending the University of North Dakota is a privilege, not a right.The classroom is a special environment in which students and faculty come together to promote learning. Examples of improper behavior in the classroom may include, but are not limited to: disrespect for the professional status of the instructor and/or GTAG (refrain from contacting us through social media), persistent late arrival to or early departure from class, distractive talking, the use of cell phones and laptops to text, chat, or surf the web, refusal to comply with reasonable directions, employing insulting language or gestures and verbal, psychological, or physical threats and harassment.The Department of Sociology supports classrooms that are positive learning environments, where people are respect ful and supportive of one another. You may have strong opinions, but everyone is expected to listen respectfully to alternative viewpoints and to communicate ideas in a non-confrontational way without monopolizing classroom discussion. Course materials prepared by the instructor including the content of all lectures, are the property of the instructor. Reproduction of materials, including video and audio recording of lectures without the consent of the instructor is prohibited.Unless permission is obtained from me, copies of materials and recordings of lectures may not be modified and must not be transferred or transmitted to any other person, whether or not that individual is enrolled in the course. Academic Misconduct classroom behavior, will be reported to the Sociology Department and the Dean of Students. Subsequently, the behavior will become part of your permanent university record. The penalty for academic misconduct is a failing grade for the assignment/ exam in question or a failing grade for the course, depending upon the severity of the misconduct.

Federal Income Tax Formula

FEDERAL INCOME TAX FORMULA Gross Income – Above the Line Deductions____ Adjusted Gross Income – Itemized or Standard Deduction – Exemptions_________________ Taxable Income x Applicable Marginal Tax Rates for Each Bracket Tax Liability – Tax Credits_________________ = TAX OWED ABRIDGED INCOME TAX ACCOUNTING I. Gross Income [ § 61] — A. Wages, Salaries, and Tips B. Interest Income C. Dividend Income D. Other (Net) Income—Reduced by Deductible Expenses 1. State & Local Income Tax Refunds 2. Alimony Received 3. Business Income or Loss 4. Capital Gains or Losses 5. Taxable IRA Distributions, Pensions, & Annuities . Rents, Royalties, Partnerships, S-Corporations, Estates, Trusts 7. Unemployment Compensation & Social Security 8. Other Income II. Less â€Å"Above the Line† Deductions— A. Unreimbursed Qualified Moving Expenses B.? of Self-Employment Tax C. Self-employed Health Insurance Deduction D. IRA Deduction E. Payments to Keogh R etirement Plan F. Penalty on Early Withdrawal of Savings G. Student Loan Interest Deduction H. Alimony Paid I. Tuition and Fees Deduction J. Depreciation Deduction ———————————————————-â€Å"The Line† = Adjusted Gross Income (â€Å"AGI†) III.Less the Greater of (1) Itemized Deductions or (2) the Standardized Deductions— A. Itemized Deductions: 1. Medical and Dental 2. State Taxes 3. Interest Expense on Qualified Mortgage Indebtedness 4. Casualty & Theft Losses 5. Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions i)Misc. Deductions Subject to 2% AGI Floor ii)Misc. Deductions Exempt from 2% AGI Floor B. Standard Deduction [ § 63] IV. Less Exemptions = Taxable Income V. Tax Liability = Taxable Income x Applicable Marginal Tax Rates VI. Less Tax Credits A. Historical Building Rehabilitation B. Renewable Energy C. Work Opportunity Tax Credit D. Qualif ying Child Tax Credit = TAX OWED

Phytomining †Pros and Cons Essay

Phytomining describes the production of a metal crop by using high-biomass plants, which are plants that produce energy or a usable resource when burnt. Phytominers cultivate crops of a specific plant species with high concentrations of a desired metal, harvest the plant and deliver it to a furnace to burn and gather its bio-ore. As a potential alternative to environmentally destructive mining practices, phytomining has great promise to transform the way metals are extracted from the environment; however, phytomining has yet to produce metal yields that would begin to satisfy global demand. Environmental Considerations It is generally accepted that phytomining is greener than conventional mining practices. In environments with metal-contaminated soil, phytominers can recollect metal pollutants from the soil, thereby restoring the soil to health. Still, growingmass amounts of plants also takes a toll on the land used for cultivation. Industrial farming practices deplete the soil and overgrowing biocrops has the potential to permanently alter an area’s ecology. Economic Viability If the scale of production is large enough, phytomining could become a cheaper alternative to excavation, but large-scale harvesting of plants with concentrations of metal is currently more costly than extracting metals from mines. In the future, as metal prices rise and the yields from mines deplete, this could change. The shortage of metal from mines and persistent demand for metal by industry would offset the costs of initiating large-scale phytomining farm production. Growing Conditions Phytomining’s success is subject to the forces of nature. Unlike traditional excavation, phytomining is dependent on growing conditions such as the weather, altitude and soil quality. A bad growing season could wipe out an entire crop of metal-producing plants, and if global climate change alters weather patterns, the risks associated with establishing a long-term phytomining industry in an area increase. Other Considerations As with any new industry, much is unknown about the long-term effects of phytomining. For example, with a limited amount of good farming land available, what land use would be displaced to make room for a phtyomining industry? Researchers will also need to examine the effect of having metal-enhanced plants entering the food chain over time. They will also need to determine if it is possible to prevent metal runoff from the plants from entering the local water supply.

Tokya Disneyland , Disney in Asia

Beyond Tokyo: Disney’s Expansion in Asia DISNEY IN ASIA Early in 1999, Michael Eisner, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, voiced his opinions concerning potential markets for his firm’s entertainment products and services. A major thrust for the new millenium would be development in Asia. †¢ We could be getting close to the time for a major Disney attraction in the world’s most populous nation. † The Walt Disney Company, Annual Report, 1998. †¢ â€Å"I am completely confident that Chinese people love Mickey no less than they love a Big Mac. Statement by Michael Eisner, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, during a trip to China in January 1999, Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News, 16 June 1999. INTERNATIONAL THEME PARKS AND RESORTS: DISNEY EXPERIENCE Tokyo Disneyland [pic] Euro Disney (now Disneyland Paris) [pic] DISNEY AND CHINA IN THE 1990s Relations between the Disney Company and the government of China had not been particularly tranquil in recent yea rs. Disney held firm on its position on the movie. â€Å"Disney’s potential business in China is infinite.But Disney has to decide whether it wants to facilitate business or stand for free speech. † Not all of Disney’s relationships with China were negative however. The liberalization of China’s markets had generated benefits for the firm. ‘The Lion King’ had brought in almost $4 million in 1996 and the soundtrack had sold 1. 4 million copies. POTENTIAL OF THE ASIAN MARKET Building and investing in a multi-billion dollar theme park would represent another major, long-term commitment for The Walt Disney Company. Therefore, much research and planning were involved in this decision.In addition to the attractiveness of each of the remaining cities, Shanghai and Hong Kong, the market characteristics of the demand for theme park experiences by the Chinese people would have to be carefully evaluated. Although the success of the Tokyo Disney theme pa rk would strengthen the case for another facility in Asia, other data and experience brought up additional questions. Between 1993 and 1998, more than 2000 theme parks had been opened in China, developed and financed by both domestic and foreign investors.Disney management was convinced that a huge, child-loving populace would support a lively theme park business. Instead, many projects were swamped by excessive competition, poor market projections, high costs, and relentless interference from local officials. Cultural Factor The Chinese had a cultural disposition toward pampering children, which had been accentuated by the nation’s one-child per couple policy. Although many theme parks in China had not been successful, it was still generally believed that an exciting experience of high quality would attract visitors to a park.A mundane experience would be unlikely to spark interest in a second visit. Based on the repeat visitors at every other Disney theme park, management w as quite confident that they would be successful in attracting Chinese visitors not only the first time, but also the second, third, and fourth times. CASE Questions for Review 1. What cultural challenges are posed by Disney’s expansion into Asia? How are these different from those in Europe? There are some cultural challenges posed by Disney’s expansion into Asia.For example, Disney in Hong Kong soon realized that its attempts at cultural sensitivity had not gone far enough. For instance, the decision to serve shark fin soup, a local favorite greatly angered environmentalists. The park ultimately had to remove the dish from its menus. Furthermore, there is negative media coverage of the relatively new theme park for Hong Kong Disneyland in terms of cultural challenge. On the other hand, in order to make the park â€Å"culturally sensitive†, Hong Kong Disneyland would be trilingual with English, Cantonese and Mandarin.The park would also include a fantasy garden for taking picture with the Disney’s characters, popular among Asian tourists, as well as more covered and rainproof spaces to accommodate the â€Å"drizzly† climate. Attendance and operating income in France were less than anticipated and a major restructuring of the Euro Disney operating company was affected in 1994. Cultural challenges, as well as a European recession in the early 1990s, resulted in less than expected success of the park and its related hotels and facilities.Renamed Disneyland Paris early in 1994, and with enhanced performance, the Disney European experience finally began to pay off for this facility, which, by the late 1990s, was the largest theme park in Western Europe! With these two, quite different, experiences in operating a large theme park and resort facility outside of the continental United States, the Eisner management team was ready to move into China. Two locations were â€Å"in the running† early in 1999, representing quite dif ferent operating and financial strategies and structures.Either Hong Kong or Shanghai would likely be the site of the next Disney theme park. This was the challenge faced by the Disney management team, with a target decision date of June 1999. 2. How do cultural variables influence the location choice of theme parks around the world? Cultural obstacles influence the location of new theme parks in Asia. One is finding the right location. Often, more important than content is whether a venue is located in a metropolis, whether it is easily accessible by public transportation.However, in cultural perspective, there is an additional threat of competition, both from local attractions and those of other international corporations because of the fact that it seems that Asian travelers are loyal to their local attractions. Therefore, the stiff competition of the theme park industry in Asia will center on not only which park can create a surge of interest in its first year but also which can build a loyal base of repeat customers. In deciding on a site for a China theme park, a number of factors had to be identified, considered, and evaluated.In consultation with the Disney Board of Directors, they were looking for an â€Å"international character† for this park. A diversified visitor base would reduce the risks of problems in one country having an adverse effect on international visitor flow. Infrastructure in the area of the park and the region supporting it were also important. Visitors should be able to reach the park easily, by a variety of forms of transportation — airports, railroads, roadways, tunnels, bridges, bus lines, etc. hould be well established or enhanced while the park was being constructed. A prime area would be easily accessible and would also support a park most efficiently. The park and the region should contribute to visitors extending their time spent at the Disney facility. Management knew that convincing visitors to stay at the s ite, in a Disney hotel, was likely to generate greater cash flows from the park and its ancillary facilities. A stock of hotel rooms to upport park visitors was also important. Rooms at a variety of price points, from economy to luxury should be available when the park opened. 3. What location would you recommend for Disney’s next theme park in Asia? Why? We recommend Malaysia for Disney’s next theme park in Asia. Therefore, one of such strategic locations is the state of Johor in Malaysia due to the fact that Malaysian officials wanted to develop Johor in order to rival its neighbor Singapore, as a tourist attraction.In fact, there can be a Disneyland in Singapore; however, we don’t want to create a competitive environment between Hong Kong and Singapore. For us, there shouldn’t be two large Disney lands per region. Therefore, the best location in Asia to build a new theme park is Malaysia. We think that Malaysia Disneyland can rather bring in a new set of customers. EPILOGUE Despite its already large size, the Asian theme park industry is still developing.

Biodiversity in India Essay Sample

Biodiversity is the portion of nature which includes the difference in cistrons among the persons of a species. the assortment and profusion of all the works and carnal species at different graduated tables in infinite. locally in a part. in the state and the universe and assorted types of ecosystems. both tellurian and aquatic within a defined country. Biodiversity deals with the grade of nature’s assortment in the biosphere. Types of biodiversityFamilial diverseness – the familial variableness within a species. Speciess diverseness – the assortment of species within a community Ecosystem diverseness – the administration of species in an country into typical works and carnal communities. Familial diversenessEach member of any animate being or works species differs widely from other persons in its familial make-up because of the big figure of combinations possible in the cistrons that give every person specific features. Therefore. for illustration. each human being is really different from all others. This familial variableness is indispensable for a healthy genteelness population of a species. If the figure of engendering persons is reduced. the unsimilarity of familial make-up is reduced and in-breeding occurs. Finally this can take to the extinction of the species. The diverseness in wild species forms the ‘gene pool’ from which our harvests and domestic animate beings have been developed over 1000s of old ages. Today the assortment of nature’s premium is being further harnessed by utilizing wild relations of harvest workss to make new assortments of more productive harvests and to engender better domestic animate beings. Modern biotechnology manipulates cistrons for developing better types of medical specialties and a assortment of industrial merchandises. Speciess diversenessThe Numberss of species of workss and animate beings that are present in a part constitutes its species diverseness. This diverseness is seen both in natural ecosystems and in agricultural ecosystems. Some countries are more rich in species than others. Natural undisturbed tropical woods have a much greater species richness than plantations. A natural wood ecosystem provides a big figure of non-wood merchandises that local people depend on such as fruit. fuel wood. fresh fish. fibre. gum. rosin and medical specialties. Timber plantations do non supply the big assortment of goods that are indispensable for local ingestion. In the long-run the economic sustainable returns from non-wood wood merchandises is said to be greater than the returns from droping a wood for its lumber. Thus the value of a natural wood. with all its species profusion is much greater than a plantation. At present preservation scientists have been able to place and categorize approximately 1. 7 5 million species on Earth. However. many new species are being identified. particularly in the blossoming workss and insects. Areas that are rich in species diverseness are called ‘hotspots’ of diverseness. India is among the world’s 15 states that are exceptionally rich in species diverseness. Ecosystem DiversityThere are a big assortment of different ecosystems on Earth. which have their ain complement of typical inter linked species based on the differences in the home ground. Ecosystem diverseness can be described for a specific geographical part. or a political entity such as a state. a State or a taluka. Distinctive ecosystems include landscapes such as woods. grasslands. comeuppances. mountains. etc. . every bit good as aquatic ecosystems such as rivers. lakes. and the sea. Each part besides has man-modified countries such as farming area or graze grazing lands. An ecosystems is referred to as ‘natural’ when it is comparatively undisturbed by human activities. or ‘modified’ when it is changed to other types of utilizations. such as farming area or urban countries. Ecosystems are most natural in wilderness countries. If natural ecosystems are overused or misused their productiveness finally decreases and they are so said to be degraded. India is exceptionally rich in ecosystem diverseness.

Research methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Research methodology - Essay Example The use of technology has also been implemented in the social workers education and has impacted the overall working and education performance of the social workers. The use of computers, management systems, databases and internet has made it possible for the social workers to identify and research on the problems associated to people that need to be addressed to higher authorities and be resolved as soon as possible. The introduction of digital libraries and internet databases including projects of different researchers has helped in improving the knowledge and researching abilities of students. Moreover, technology has made it possible for the social workers to conduct researches in the limited time and resources available. Information soft-wares have helped them reducing the costs of researches and saved their time. In addition, the use of internet and technology has made it possible to access important information in a matter of seconds. However, researchers indicate that educati onal institutes lack technological studies as a part of their curriculum and the IT infrastructure creates problems for the qualified social workers when they enter in to the practical life. This paper further elaborates the situation. How can technology impact the efficiency of social work? How well has technology been integrated in social work education? What are the problems associated with the IT infrastructure for social work purposes? MIS: Management information system is a set of programs used to manage the internal controls of an organization. MIS is used for decision making for the operations of any organization like deciding on a cost/price etc. (Carrilio, 2005). User-friendly system: A computer system designed to help people who are not aware of the technicalities of the computer system. These are normally designed to facilitate people using computers at work and home but are not computer specialists. Distance Education: The use of

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy of Education - Essay Example Philosophical reflection informs the manner of instructive practices as well as the point to which instruction should do so. In the republic, Plato termed education as a practice which stands exclusively necessitating direction from the most embracing as well as refined metaphysics (Blake, Smith & Standish 2006). All past and current human societies have had a vested concentration on education and most of the people have claimed that most educational activities or teaching are the second oldest occupation. Almost every society allocates adequate resources in support of educational institutions and activities as they are very important. Learning institutions are one of the agents of socialization in most societies because all children are born innumerate and illiterate. They are also normally ignorant of the cultural achievements and norms of their society or community of which they are part of. However, with the assistance of teachers, the rest of the society and educational resources, they learn to read, write, and act in ways that are culturally appropriate. Most of the people learn these skills with more education facilities than other people. Education equips people with substantive knowledge and skills that enable them to identify and pursue their own aspirations and take part in their community life as independent and full-fledged citizens. In his educational philosophy, Plato argued that a person is served best when he or she is subordinated to a just society. Plato promoted the notion that children should be removed from the care of their mothers and raised as state wards with a lot of care being taken to t ell apart children suitable to the different castes, the highest attaining most education, to ensure that they act as city guardians and care for the less fortunate (Rozema 1998). Plato further argued that education would be holistic including physical discipline, skills, facts, art and music which he took as the utmost form of undertaking. He believed that talents were not distributed genetically and thus they had to be found in any social class. There have been other philosophies of education after Plato. Freire (2002) attacked the ‘banking concept of education’. In this concept, students are viewed like an empty account that should be filled by the teachers. Freire suggested that a deep reciprocity should be inserted into people’s idea of student and teacher. He rejected the teacher –student dichotomy and encouraged the role of participants in the classroom as the student teacher (a student who teaches) and teacher student (a teacher who learns). Freire (2002) kind of classroom was at times criticized because it can disguise the authority of the teacher rather than overcome it. Freirian education philosophy has been extremely important in academic debates over participatory development and overall development. Dewey (1916) argued that the basic ineluctable birth and death facts of every member of a social group make education a necessity because in spite of this genetic inescapability, the community has to continue. The immense societal significance of education is highlighted by the fact that when people are taken aback by a predicament, it is regularly viewed as a sign of fail and teachers and the system of education become scapegoats. On the other McLaren argued that education should bring about social and self empowerment. He criticized the conventional American tradition in which schools try to establish and develop an egalitarian and democratic society, with the conventional humanities curricula informing learners about the ethical standards and human values. McLaren saw modern schools as doing precious little to encourage the Western humanist traditionist. Schools produce economic and social which has to be weighed against a real record of serving the affluent interests. This condition by McLaren has been in latest conservative developments where the curriculum and aims are geared to the worldwide economic

Flextronics International Singapore Limited Case Study

Flextronics International Singapore Limited - Case Study Example Though this is not contract manufacturing the company has successfully combined the contract manufacturing with the innovation of the products according to the market need of low cost handsets. At the same time the company acquired to boost its product line by acquiring the Solectron. This denotes the sense of the company that thinks about increasing the production capacity within least possible time. Increasing the production capacity by new constructions can consume time and the company decided to acquire the rival company to boost its production in least possible time. Flextronics International Singapore Limited is the second largest multinational corporate company providing electronics manufacturing services. They are the original equipment manufacturers in networking, computer, medical and consumer products. Flextronics is one of the major global companies engaged in designing and manufacturing operations. They spread over 28 countries in 4 continents. The innovative product design and manufacturing services coupled with specialized services and IT expertise with unique management strategies place Flextronics as a top-tier EMS provider. With 1, 60, 000 thousand employees worldwide and a $12 billion revenue backbone, the company is marching forward to reach its zenith globally. The company's Headquarters is in Singa... The current analytical study of Flextronics International Singapore Limited is carried out considering their marketing strategy of the brand products and services satisfying the innate biogenic and psychogenic needs of the consumers, with that of the company's competitors, on an international level. The assessment of the company's profile and the strategies developed by them to satiate the demands and aspirations of the consumers are done on the basis of the psychological behavioral pattern propagated by the theory of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The company was founded to satisfy the needs of silicon valley clients by catering to their needs of printed circuit boards. This analytical study of the company is executed on realizing the fact that the consumer's biogenic or physiological needs such as food, water, clothing, housing, sex, reproduction, safety etc., will grow to a certain limit and stand still or will become stable after achieving it to its maximum, whereas the psychogenic needs such as self esteem or ego, self-respect and prestige, status and self-fulfillment, thirst for knowledge, culture, aesthetic sense etc. will never reach that maximum, but will grow and expand its realms, to reach a higher level the moment it is fulfilled and at the same time groping all over without an aim or having any knowledge as to what is that needed and where it could be found. As the company takes into account the psychogenic needs of its customers in developing the products, there can be no limit for the development of its existing products and innovation of the new products. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs, viewed on 12th Septem ber, 2007). To support the above study the

Analysis of Growth Area Authoritys Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in Assignment

Analysis of Growth Area Authoritys Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in Light of Food Security, Climate Change and Population Growth Issues - Assignment Example The country is located in the Southern Hemisphere and is surrounded by Pacific and Indian Ocean. It has a temperate climate instead of a tropical one. As a result, it has less rainfall every year. The entire country is dry and its center is a desert where large cactus grows (About Australia, 2012). Due to extreme dry land conditions and infertility, the population density is only 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometer, which is the lowest figure in the world (Ibid, 2012). The phenomenon of global warming has significantly affected the world including Australia where the country’s frequency and quantity of rainfall has further declined. The dry parts of the country have little or no fertility that significantly affects food supply. Thus, the inhabitants are forced to settle down near the coastline to have continuous supply of food, water, rainfall and other benefits. Consequently, the cities are becoming heavily populated and overcrowded (Major Cities Unit, 2011). Likewise, the C ity of Whittlesea's north area was known as Epping North. Due to the non-availability of infrastructure, services and high development costs, Epping North remains undeveloped (About Australia, 2012). One possible way to mitigate these issues is to develop structure and strategic policies that focus on the development and construction in the country. For instance, in 2001 and 2002, Victorian Government plan, known as VicUrban, decided to develop this land and got control of a massive piece of land which is now known as Aurora (Aurora Precinct Structure Plan, 2001). The Victorian Government developed its strategic planning and policy framework that comprises of various policies that aim at focusing on the development of Aurora. It initiated a master structure plan titled Aurora Precinct Structure Plan, which intends to provide provisions for the effective development and growth of Aurora. The Victorian Civil and Administrative Council evaluates each development in the city based on th e well-established principles of planning for Transit-oriented development. Any structure development plan that is in contrast to the objectives set in the Aurora Precinct Structure Plan is rejected by the Council. Aim This paper aims to critically analyze the strategic plan titled Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in regard to its ability to approach the issue of climate change, food insecurity and population growth and to its adequacy to an analysis of future directions in planning. Objectives In order to achieve the aim of the analytical paper, the paper has following objectives: 1. To study the prevailing and threatening environmental issues that can affect the sustenance and growth of Aurora. 2. To study the Aurora Precinct Structure Plan. 3. To evaluate it in regard to the provisions and policies for the upliftment, improvement, stability and mitigation of the environmental issues that Aurora is expected to face in the next few decades. 4. To evaluate the adequacy of the strategi c policy titled Aurora Precinct Structure Plan in regard to the future directions in planning. 5. To enumerate the potential risks and shortcomings of Aurora Precinct Structure Plan from the environmental perspective. Climate Change, Food Security and Population Growth Issues in Aurora According to the Climate Change Department of Australia, the country has observed climate change affect in three aspects. Firstly, the temperature of Australia has increased

Why is the discovery of the Royal Tomb of Tutankhamen important to Essay

Why is the discovery of the Royal Tomb of Tutankhamen important to Archaeologists - Essay Example He was the first to discover materials that led to the tomb’s discovery. The first clue he had was from a royal funeral object referred to as cache that were fro Tell el Amarna. They were brought to Thebes in order to escape destruction. These materials were hidden in a safe tomb that was done by King Tutankhamun himself. This cache is believed to have been stored by tomb robbers who expected to come back for the treasure sometime later. Furniture that was used by Tutankhamun was also found among these treasures (Malek, 2010). Another clue that Davis found helpful was found in 1907 inside a small pit. It provided significant information that contained impressions of Tutankhamun and other materials such as natron, broken pottery and linen bags. Davis took the initiative of taking these items to New York for further examination (Magi & Tenti, 2006). There was also a discovery by Theodore that comprised of a faience cup bearing the name of King Tut. Beside this cup, there were fragments of gold foil with Tutankhamun and his wife inlaid upon it. After a period, an Egyptologist by the name Howard Carter found these items to be interesting for more studies about the Tutankhamun tomb. He believed that these items were enough proof that King Tutankhamun’s tomb was inside the Valley of the Kings. More than five thousand objects were discovered in the tomb that revealed a lot on the ancient life of Egyptians. There were weapons, chariots, clothes, treasured lock and musical instruments. In addition, there wa s the golden burial mask that belonged to Tutankhamun. Carter died after just seven years since his excavation ended in 1939 before he had summarized on his findings. He had no partners who could have continued his work (Malek, 2010). The Tutankhamun tomb lies in an area that where royal burials did not take place in the Valley center hence it was buried beneath the Valley of the Kings surface quickly at Luxor, which was regarded